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Scientists have studied the science behind red hair pigmentation in depth. They have found that two main pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin, are responsible for producing the various shades of red hair. Eumelanin produces darker shades of red, while pheomelanin produces lighter shades. Factors such as age, hormones, and sun exposure can all influence the amount of each pigment produced, resulting in a wide range of shades. Additionally, red hair can also occur in Black people as a result of Albinism, a genetic condition that reduces melanin in the skin.
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Red hair, occurring in just 1 to 2 percent of the population, is the least common. Dr Kat Arney finds out where it comes from, if it can change the way we feel pain, and whether redheads are really endangered. And a widely reported study from the Journal of the American Dentistry Association found that redheads are more sensitive to pain and require extra anesthesia during surgery, according to ABC News.
Culture
"Families can carry a variant for generations, and when one carrier has children with another carrier, a redheaded baby can appear seemingly out of nowhere." Wilson said, as quoted in the Daily Mail. A study suggests that redheads are resistant to the effects of analgesics, such as subcutaneous lidocaine, and are also more sensitive to pain from cold or heat. Redheads have a mutated version of the very same gene that causes the gene to make faulty or no MC1 receptors. This is called a loss-of-function mutation and leads to the increased production of pheomelanin. On the other hand, deactivating or inhibiting the MC1R gene will have quite the opposite effect. Your melanocytes will have fewer or no MC1 receptors, which will cause an increase in the production of pheomelanin, meaning that you’ll end up with a fair complexion and red-orange hair.
Map of red hair frequency in Europe
The earlier, non-tartan-wearing Tarim mummies from 2000 BCE, which were DNA tested and identified as members of haplogroup R1a, did not have red hair, just like modern R1a-dominant populations. This makes the odds of having both unusual features highly unlikely - in fact, it is the rarest physical combination in the world! Most natural redheads have brown eyes, followed by green or hazel coloured irises.
In Scotland and England, 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively, are redheaded, according to the Daily Mail. From turning into a vampire after death to being an unlucky, soulless creature, redheads have endured a barrage of preposterous beliefs throughout history. Fortunately, times have changed, and with scientific studies behind the causes of red hair, no one is hunting for redheads to be burnt at the stake. Thanks to their lack of melanin, redheads burn more quickly and severely than other hair colours. The melanin that ginger haired people possess almost always takes the form of freckles, which are actually just concentrated patches of melanin. While this color hair can be found in various parts of Europe, there are still areas where it’s more common than the rest of the continent.
The Haunting Of Lake Lanier And The Black City Buried Underneath
After nearly a millennium in the Danubian basin (as far west as Bavaria), they would continue their westward expansion (from 2500 BCE) to Western Europe. In fact, the westward expansion was most likely carried out exclusively by the westernmost faction of R1b, who had settled north of the Alps, around Austria and Bavaria, and developed the Unetice culture. Almost all trace of red hair was lost in south-eastern Europe due to the high number of dark haired people brought by the long wave of invasions to the region over the last 5000 years. According to ancient Greek writers, red hair was common among the Thracians, who lived around modern Bulgaria, an region where rufosity has almost completely disappeared today. Red hair alleles may have survived in the local gene pool though, but cannot be expressed due to the lack of other genes for light hair pigmentation. You must inherit two sets of genetic information for both your hair color and your eye color to have these less-common characteristics.
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Why Do Some People Have Red Hair?
People with red hair colour produce vitamin D more efficiently in less sunlight, making their bones stronger and leaving women more likely to survive pregnancy and childbirth in primitive times. Nowadays, the recessive gene thrives mainly in Scotland, Ireland and Scandinavia, leading to theconfusion surrounding its origin. After all, there weren’t a lot of Viking warriors who were naturally blond, and genetic studies on Vikings continue to highlight that there was a mixture of blonds, dark haired, and red haired people as you would find today. The only difference is that where you would find red haired Vikings would vastly depend on where you were located.
Scientists Have Just Discovered What Really Causes Red Hair
The origins of haplogroup R1b are complex, and shrouded in controversy to this day. This theory also happens to be the only one that explains the presence of red hair among the Udmurts, Central Asians and Tarim mummies. In Ancient Greek myths, redheads were said to turn into vampires after death, and, during the 16th and 17th centuries, most women who were branded as witches had red hair. Somewhere around 45,000 red-haired women are estimated to have been burned as witches, during the trials, which is a considerable portion of the population.
What the Study Found
It is only in the Late Bronze Age (c. 1500–1155 BCE), over a thousand years after the Indo-European expansion into Central Europe, that the Proto-Celts really expanded over the Italian and Iberian peninsulas. Greece also didn't become Indo-Europeanised until the Mycenaeans, another group of Indo-European speakers from the Steppe took over the country circa 1600 BCE. Red hair is a rare and unique hair color that has captivated people for centuries.
In species other than primates, red hair has different genetic origins and mechanisms. Erik Thorvaldsson, famously known as Erik the Red, is the Viking who was known for his spectacular red hair. Erik wasn’t just a sporadic seafarer, but he also founded the first European settlement in present-day Greenland. He got his byname Erik the Red in his youth when he decided to travel after being exited from Iceland. What Vikings looked like is one of the biggest misconceptions that you’ll come across.
Southwest Norway is unique amongst the Scandinavian countries for the emergence of red hair which some feel justifies the portrayal of Vikings as red-haired. However, genetic analysis suggests that the genes dictating red hair in Norway was brought back there from Ireland and Scotland by Viking raiders. Instead, the origins of red hair have been traced back to the Steppes of Central Asia as much as 100,000 years ago. The haplogroup of modern redheads indicates that their earliest ancestors migrated to the steppes from the Middle East because of the rise of herding during the Neolithic revolution. The Steppes were the perfect grazing lands for the herds of the agriculturists. Unfortunately, however, the lower UV levels of the area limited their bodies’ ability to synthesize vitamin D.
As we look through history, we find that henna has also been used since ancient times to create red hair and was very popular in Ancient Egypt and in the Middle East. In Elizabethan England, red hair was very popular, owing to Elizabeth I’s natural red hair, and many men and women colored their hair red to show loyalty. In the 16th century, the popularity of Tiziano Vecelli, as he was known in English, Titian’s art started a trend for red hair, too, with Italian women using ingredients, including saffron and rhubarb, to achieve the color. There are variants of this unique gene, and the more variants there are, the most likely it is that you’ll have red hair. Since hair color is also determined by melanin, it means that the lower your levels of melanin, you’re prone to higher levels of pheomelanin which is a red or yellow pigment. When these levels are higher, then you have higher chances of having red hair.
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